Problems of innovative development economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Table of contents: The Kazakh-American Free University Academic Journal №8 - 2016
Authors: Mazkenova Araylym, Kazakh-American free university, Kazakhstan
Kaygorodtsev Alexander, Kazakh-American free university, Kazakhstan
World experience demonstrates that the
greatest success in social and economic development is achieved the innovative
focused states which core of economic policy is formation of the special
relation of business and society to development of the knowledge-intensive productions
and large-scale carrying out scientific researches and developments.
In this regard in Kazakhstan for the solution of a problem of increase of national competitiveness the program and
target approach providing effective interaction of the scientific organizations
and business in the innovative sphere by implementation of joint technological
programs is used. Similar programs are developed and realized for enhancing cooperation
of the state, science and business to develop the perspective directions of technology,
to provide a continuous stream of financing of the companies conducting
scientific researches and also to improve system of granting grants and
maintenance of innovative partnership.
In Kazakhstan formation of the national
innovative system (NIS) which basic elements are continues: scientific potential,
innovative business, innovative infrastructure and financial infrastructure
(Madiyarova D.M., 2015) [4].
In the republic the innovative infrastructure
consisting of 8 science and technology parks, 4 branch design offices, 21
offices and 4 regional centers of commercialization of technologies, 4
international centers of a transfer of technologies is created [1].
The system of the state support of
innovative activity turns on the following tools:
1. Project and venture financing.
2. Innovative grants.
3. Technological business incubation.
4. Services of offices of commercialization
of technologies.
5. Services of branch design offices.
6. Services of the international centers of
a transfer of technologies.
7. Innovative competitions.
Innovative activity in Kazakhstan is carried out in the following organizational forms:
- scientific centers and laboratories as a
part of corporate structures which carry out research and development and are
engaged in the organization of development and production of new production;
- creative research teams, created to
satisfy the original scientific and technical problems;
- technopark structures (scientific,
technological and research parks; innovative, innovative and technological and
business and innovative centers; business incubators; technopolises).
Kazakhstan is open
for dialogue with participants of innovative process of all countries without
exception, however gives a priority to the countries with the advanced national
innovative system, such as the USA, Finland, Israel, Germany, France, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Singapore.
Kazakhstan carries
out cooperation with more than 40 leading foreign organizations and the
international experts in innovations, has concluded 60 memorandums and
agreements with foreign partners.
So, together with experts of the Economic
Commission for Europe of the United Nations the "Review of Innovative
Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan" project is realized, with
methodological support of the Korean institute of an assessment of planning,
science and the KISTEP technologies the first technological Forsythe is carried
out, with Statistical institute SESRIC of the Organization of Islamic
cooperation (Republic of Turkey) the "Atlas of Innovations of the Islamic
World" project is realized, with the European commission the "Review
of Scientific and Technical Development of Kazakhstan" project is
realized, offers on development of national innovative system are developed.
Scientific and technological cooperation
between Kazakhstan and the European Union it is carried out through participation
in framework programs on development of scientific researches and technologies.
The following international centers of
technological cooperation function:
1. The Kazakhstan-French center of a
transfer of technologies created in 2010 in the form of consortium JSC Center of Engineering and Transfer of Technologies and the CEIS company for creation
of conditions for development of cooperation between subjects of innovative
activity of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the French Republic in the academic,
scientific, technological spheres and a transfer of technologies.
2. The Kazakhstan-Korean center of
technological cooperation created in 2011 in the city of Daeje on the basis of the Korean fund of an innovative cluster and in the city of Astana on the basis
of National technological development Agency for a transfer of advanced
technologies, professional development of the Kazakhstan experts in the
Republic of Korea and the organization of joint scientific researches between
the Kazakhstan and Korean research organizations.
3. The Kazakhstan-Norwegian center of
technological cooperation created in 2013 for support of cooperation between
the companies and research institutes of Kazakhstan and Norway, a transfer of technologies, implementation of joint innovative and research projects.
4. The Kazakhstan-American center for
technological cooperation created in September, 2013.
The special economic zone "Park of Innovative Technologies" is created for technological development of the
country in the following priority directions:
1. Information technologies.
2. Technologies in the sphere of
telecommunications and communication.
3. Electronics and instrument making.
4. Renewable, resource-saving and effective
environmental management.
5. Technologies in the sphere of creation
and use of materials of different function.
6. Technologies in the sphere of
production, transportation and oil refining and gas.
7. Activation of entry of the Kazakhstan economy into system of world economic communications.
8. Creation of highly effective, including
hi-tech and competitive productions, development of release of new types of
production, attraction of investments.
The total of participants of the special
economic zone "Park of Innovative Technologies" makes 150 companies
which carry out the activity in the following spheres:
– In the field of industry IT – 68% of the
companies;
– In the field of production of hi-tech
production and telecommunication devices – 14%;
– Educational and research activity – 10%;
– Other kinds of activity – 8%.
About degree of efficiency of innovative
activity in the Republic of Kazakhstan it is possible to judge by the data provided
in tab. 1.
From the table it is visible that in 2014
392 organizations which are carrying out scientific researches and developments
with the total number of personnel of 25793 people, from them researchers –
11488 people, including with academic degrees of 8186 people (71,3%) worked in
the republic.
From the table it is visible that in 2014 392
organizations which are carrying out scientific researches and developments
with the total number of personnel of 25793 people, from them researchers –
11488 people, including with academic degrees of 8186 people (71,3%) worked in
the republic.
However, by the number of researchers, that
is highly qualified specialists capable to generate ideas which can be realized
further in innovative products and technologies Kazakhstan considerably
concedes to many foreign countries. So, on number of researchers on one
thousand occupied our country by 12,2 times concedes to Finland, by 9 times –
the Republic of Korea, by 8 times – to Singapore [2].
Level of a salary of workers of science
doesn't conform to the international standards and in spite of the fact that in
Kazakhstan there is an annual increase in the sizes of compensation of
researchers, real (adjusted for inflation) the salary of workers of the sphere
of research and development remains at critically low level while in the most
developed countries of the world the salary of researchers is one of the
highest in economy. So, for example, in the USA the average salary of workers
of the sphere of research and development exceeds an average salary on national
economy almost twice (Melnikova I.N., 2010) [3].
Table 1. Development
of science
and innovation in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2010-2014
Indicators |
Years |
2014 in% to 2010 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
GDP, mln. dollars |
148052,4 |
188050,0 |
203520,6 |
231875,1 |
217874,3 |
147,2 |
Volume of innovative production, million
dollars |
964,8 |
1609,3 |
2541,8 |
3801,1 |
3238,8 |
335,7 |
Share of innovative production in GDP, % |
0,65 |
0,86 |
1,25 |
1,64 |
1,49 |
+0,84 items |
Level of innovative activity of the enterprises,
% |
5,2 |
7,1
|
7,6
|
8,0
|
8,1 |
+2,9 items |
Internal and external costs of RADW, million
dollars |
312,7 |
400,5 |
459,1 |
486,1 |
410,6 |
131,3 |
From them:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Internal costs of RADW, million dollars |
227,1 |
295,7 |
343,7 |
405,4 |
370,4 |
163,1 |
-in %GDP |
0,15 |
0,16
|
0,17
|
0,17
|
0,17
|
+0,02 items |
- external costs of researches and developments |
85,6 |
104,8 |
115,4 |
80,7 |
40,2 |
47,0 |
Structure of internal costs of RADW, % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- basic researches |
8,3 |
11,5 |
16 |
29,5 |
23,0 |
277,1 |
- applied researches |
42,0 |
41,3 |
38,8 |
54,1 |
57,9 |
137,9 |
- scientific and
technical developments, scientific and technical services |
49,7 |
47,2 |
45,2 |
16,4 |
19,1 |
38,4 |
The number of the organizations which are
carrying out RADW |
424 |
412 |
345 |
341 |
392 |
92,4 |
The number of the workers who are
carrying out scientific researches, the person |
17021 |
18003 |
20404 |
23712 |
25793 |
151,5 |
including: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- researches |
11524 |
10780 |
10095
|
10870 |
11488
|
99,7 |
From
them: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- have an academic degree, the person |
4418 |
4868 |
5589 |
7426 |
8186 |
185,3 |
In % |
38,3 |
45,2 |
55,4 |
68,3 |
71,3 |
+33,0 items |
Costs of technological innovations, in
million dollars |
1598,2 |
1329,9 |
2183,9 |
2839,6 |
2425,4 |
151,8 |
From
them: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- republic
budget
|
34,6 |
87,8 |
250,8 |
114,8 |
209,5 |
605,5 |
- local
budget
|
0,3 |
45,1 |
8,5 |
24,6 |
11,7 |
3900,0 |
-
own means of the enterprises
|
1489,3 |
781,4 |
1028,9 |
1873,7 |
1429,0 |
95,9 |
- foreign
investitions
|
14,8 |
273,2 |
54,7 |
5,6 |
19,7 |
133,1 |
- other means
|
56,5 |
142,4 |
840,9 |
820,9 |
755,5 |
13371,7 |
-Efficiency of costs of technological innovations |
0,60 |
1,21 |
1,16 |
1,34 |
1,335 |
2,2 time |
The note – is made by authors by data[1]. |
In Kazakhstan there is a tendency to growth
of specific weight of the innovation-active enterprises. If in 2008-2009 the
share of such enterprises made 4%, then in 2014 it has reached 8, 1%. It has
led to triple increase in comparison with 2010 in output of innovative production which in 2014 has made 3,2 billion US dollars or 1,5% of GDP.
However Kazakhstan significantly lags
behind on the specific weight of innovative production in GDP an average in
2013 of the level of EU countries of-53%, Germany – 79%, Sweden – 60%, Finland – 58% and the USA of-50%. It is explained by insufficient funding of innovative
activity. Now the specific weight of internal costs of research and development
in GDP of the republic makes 0,17% while in Israel – 4,4%, Finland –3,9%, the Republic
of Korea – 3,7%, Japan –3,4%, 15 leading countries of the European Union –
1,96% (Stability of development…, 2015).
The list of strategic factors of development
of National innovative system of the Republic of Kazakhstan is presented in
tab. 2.
Table 2. SWOT-analysis of National innovative systems of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Strengths |
Weaknesses |
1. Political stability.
2. Coverage width secondary and higher
education.
3. Support by the country leaders of
measures for increase of efficiency of NIS.
4. Existence of innovative and financial
infrastructure
5. Experience of a venture and project
financing of innovative projects. |
1. Insufficient sequence in realization
of the state innovative policy.
2. Low level of innovative activity of
the enterprises.
3. Deficiency of highly qualified
technical personnel.
4. Weak innovative culture.
5. Small domestic consumer market
6. A gap between
science and production
7. Lack of the effective mechanism of
interaction of representatives of business and scientific community.
8. Insufficient financing of research and
development. |
Opportunities |
Threats |
1. Increase of efficiency of NIS on the basis of improvement of interaction between science and production.
2. Increase of labor productivity as a
result of a transfer of technologies.
3. Leadership in a number of perspective
high-tech industries due to existence of clear competitive advantages and
scientific reserves.
4. Growth of sales markets of hi-tech
production due to integration processes. |
1. Strengthening of the competition in
the innovative sphere among developing countries.
2. The increasing separation from the
scientific and technological level of the developed countries.
3. Preservation of a raw orientation of
economy.
5. Change of priorities in a state
policy.
6. Leakage of intellectual resources
7. Education decline in quality
8. The increasing competition from the
foreign hi-tech companies. |
The main reasons for insufficient efficiency
of functioning of National innovative system of the Republic of Kazakhstan:
- low level of competitiveness of domestic science in comparison with
foreign schools;
- a high risk when carrying out research and development for the
private sector and lack of effective mechanisms of division of risks (partial
compensation of expenses) from the state;
- lack of scientifically based system of
long-term technological planning;
- backwardness of services in a transfer of
technologies;
- weak protection of intellectual property;
- insufficient amount of the domestic
objects of intellectual property patented abroad;
- not the considerable volume of direct
foreign investments in manufacturing industry;
- deficiency of the qualified technical shots in the sphere of
development of new production and technological processes.
The solution of the listed problems is the
prerequisite of acceleration of development of innovative sector of national
economy.
Proceeding from it, the main objectives of
the state support of innovative activity in the Republic of Kazakhstan are:
1. Development of innovative capacity of
the country.
2. Increase in a share of hi-tech production
in structure of gross domestic product.
3. Assistance to transition of national
economy on the innovative way of development.
The principles of the state support of
innovative activity in the Republic of Kazakhstan are:
1. A priority of
national interests at implementation of innovative activity.
2. Equality of subjects of innovative
activity when receiving the state support.
3. The complexity and systemacity providing
continuous interaction of subjects of innovative activity.
4. Transparency of procedures of the state
support of innovative activity.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Science and
innovative activity of Kazakhstan 2010-2014. Statistical collection. – Astana: Committee on statistics of the
Ministry of national economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2015 // www. stat.gov.kz.
2. International Labor
Organization (2012) // Key indicators of the labor market // http: // www.ilo.org.
3. Melnikova I.N.
Stimulation of scientific and innovative activity: international experience // Magazine of international law and international relations. – 2010. –
No. 3. – P. 89-93.
4. Stability of
development of national economy in modern geopolitical and geo-economics
conditions [monograph] / under the editorship of D. M. Madiyarova, Zh.B.
Rakhmatulina. – Astana: Eurasian national university of L. N. Gumilev, 2015. –
257 p.
Table of contents: The Kazakh-American Free University Academic Journal №8 - 2016
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